Across Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, a wave of protests has shaken the foundations of political power, revealing a shared experience of youth-led dissent. These events, unfolding in different years—Sri Lanka in 2022, Bangladesh in 2024, and Nepal in 2025—show similar patterns of public outrage directed at governing parties. A key element in these movements has been the involvement of Gen Z, which resulted in the removal of leading figures. The influence of China in these nations adds another layer to the narrative, prompting an examination of the root causes of this regional upheaval.
What sparked the protests in each country?
Sri Lanka: The Economic Crisis
In Sri Lanka, economic hardship, soaring inflation, and government policies ignited widespread protests in April 2022. The government responded by enforcing a state of emergency, granting security forces extensive powers, and leading to the resignation of key cabinet members, isolating the president. By July, the protests had turned violent, eventually forcing the president to leave the country.
Bangladesh: Controversy Over Job Quotas
In Bangladesh, a two-month-long protest against job reservations escalated into violence on August 5, 2024. The unrest resulted in significant casualties and spurred massive demonstrations in Dhaka, marked by acts of violence and vandalism. The Prime Minister resigned, seeking asylum.
Nepal: Allegations of Corruption
In Nepal, Gen Z organized protests on September 8, targeting the government’s perceived failure to tackle corruption. The protests broadened to include concerns about unemployment and economic issues, leading to unrest and the Prime Minister’s resignation.
Who took charge of the protests?
Nepal: Gen Z Takes the Lead
In Nepal, the demonstrations were spearheaded by Gen Z, who grew up with technology. Hami Nepal, a group, helped mobilize the crowds. Sudhan Gurung, a 36-year-old, became a notable figure in the movement.
Bangladesh: Students and Citizens
In Bangladesh, Nahid Islam, a student, was a key leader. He alleged that he was abducted and found unconscious later.
Sri Lanka: The Public’s Voice
The protests in Sri Lanka were led by ordinary citizens expressing their discontent.
What were the core issues driving the protests?
Nepal: Corruption and Social Media Bans
In Nepal, the protests involved concerns about corruption, unemployment, and the economy. The government’s decision to restrict social media was also a factor.
Bangladesh: The Reservation System
In Bangladesh, the job reservation system triggered unrest that led to protests and government changes.
Sri Lanka: Economic Turmoil and Graft
In Sri Lanka, the protests were fueled by economic crisis, rising prices, and corruption, leading to political instability.
How did the governments respond?
Nepal: Forceful Measures
The Nepali government resorted to force, including tear gas and gunfire, and imposed curfews.
Bangladesh: Harsh Repression
Bangladesh’s government was criticized for using excessive force, resulting in numerous casualties.
Sri Lanka: Emergency Response
Sri Lanka declared a state of emergency, but the protests continued.
What were some of the slogans used?
Nepal: The youth used the Nepo Kid trend and demanded the Prime Minister’s resignation.
Bangladesh: Slogans included demands for justice.
Sri Lanka: The protest used the slogan ‘Gota-Go-Gama’.
China’s Growing Influence
Nepal:
Nepal signed the BRI agreement and China invested in infrastructure projects.
Bangladesh:
China invested in BRI projects, lifted import duties, and provided financial and military assistance.
Sri Lanka:
China invested in ports, strengthening its position. Sri Lanka received significant loans from China.
These protests reveal a common pattern of governments failing to meet public expectations. The youth were crucial, resulting in the removal of political leaders.