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Tag: Jack Smith

  • Pass judgement on units limits on Trump discussing categorised data in Mar-a-Lago paperwork case

    Former U.S. President Donald Trump delivers remarks all over an tournament following his arraignment on categorised report fees, at Trump Nationwide Golfing Membership, in Bedminster, New Jersey, U.S., June 13, 2023. 

    Amr Alfiky | Reuters

    A federal pass judgement on on Wednesday issued an order environment limits on the place and the way former President Donald Trump can talk about categorised knowledge together with his protection attorneys for the felony case the place he’s charged with maintaining categorised paperwork after leaving the White Area.

    The protecting order by means of Pass judgement on Aileen Cannon teaching Trump and his attorneys to speak about that knowledge in a secured location counseled boundaries sought by means of prosecutors from the workplace of particular suggest Jack Smith over the objections of Trump.

    However Cannon’s order, which got here just about two months after Smith first asked it in U.S. District Court docket for southern Florida, was once obscure at the query of whether or not a number of concessions sought by means of Trump at the factor would ultimately be granted in a single shape or the opposite.

    Cannon didn’t explicitly deal with a request by means of Trump to create a so-called Delicate Compartmented Data Facility, or SCIF, at his Mar-a-Lago membership in Palm Seashore, Florida, in order that he may talk about categorised knowledge there.

    Smith had adverse that request, noting, amongst different issues, that Mar-a-Lago is the scene of the alleged crime.

    Smith additionally had adverse Trump’s request to be allowed to speak about categorised knowledge in his workplace at Mar-a-Lago or his workplace at his membership in Bedminster, New Jersey.

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    Cannon’s order, which was once issued after a sealed listening to Tuesday at the dispute, implied that just a SCIF operated by means of the U.S. govt can be utilized by the protection to speak about categorised knowledge.

    However she didn’t particularly rule out one being created at Mar-a-Lago or Bedminster someday.

    The pass judgement on additionally stated a categorised knowledge safety officer already appointed within the case may authorize a location rather then a SCIF for the protection to speak about categorised knowledge.

    “The protection shall talk about categorised knowledge most effective inside the SCIF or in a space licensed by means of the CISO,” Cannon wrote.

    A spokesman for Smith, and Trump’s attorney Todd Blanche didn’t right away reply to requests for remark.

    Trump was once indicted in early June by means of a federal grand jury in Florida on greater than 3 dozen felony counts associated with his retention of masses of categorised paperwork after leaving the White Area in January 2021, and his efforts to forestall U.S. officers from getting better the ones information.

    Additionally charged within the case are his valet Walt Nauta, and a Mar-a-Lago employee, Carlos De Oliveira, who’re accused with Trump for an alleged try to wreck video surveillance photos that confirmed Nauta and De Oliveira shifting containers containing categorised paperwork at a time they had been being sought by means of a subpoena.

    That is breaking information. Please take a look at again for updates.

  • Trump stiffed his alleged co-conspirators, whose false claims introduced in $250 million

    Former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump arrive to talk to police accumulated at a Fraternal Order of Police hotel throughout a marketing campaign tournament in Statesville, North Carolina, Aug. 18, 2016.

    Carlo Allegri | Reuters

    A number of of the legal professionals who spearheaded President Donald Trump’s frenzied effort to overturn the result of the 2020 election attempted, and failed, to gather fee for the paintings they did for Trump’s political operation, in keeping with testimony to congressional investigators and Federal Election Fee data. That is even if their complaints and false claims of election interference helped the Trump marketing campaign and allied committees elevate $250 million within the weeks following the November vote, the Area make a choice committee investigating the Jan. 6 Capitol revolt mentioned in its ultimate document.

    Amongst them used to be Trump’s closest best friend, former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani. Trump and Giuliani had a handshake settlement that Giuliani and his workforce would receives a commission through the Trump political operation for his or her post-election paintings, in keeping with Timothy Parlatore, an legal professional for longtime Giuliani best friend Bernard Kerik.

    However the Trump marketing campaign and its affiliated committees in the end didn’t honor that pledge, in keeping with marketing campaign finance data. The data display that Giuliani’s firms have been best reimbursed for journey and no longer the $20,000 an afternoon he asked to be paid.

    Parlatore additionally informed CNBC that the Giuliani operation used to be by no means compensated for its paintings. In line with Parlatore, the failure to pay Giuliani and his workforce got here up ultimate week in a personal interview between prosecutors on particular suggest Jack Smith’s workforce and Kerik, a member of Giuliani’s workforce in overdue 2020.

    “Legal professionals and legislation companies that did not do s— have been paid a variety of cash and the folk that labored their ass off, were given not anything,” Kerik complained in a 2021 tweet.

    Bob Costello, Giuliani’s legal professional, declined to remark additional in regards to the settlement, bringing up privileged conversations between his shopper and then-President Trump.

    Trump has an extended historical past of no longer paying his expenses. However the revelation that he most likely stiffed Giuliani, an established buddy, is all of the extra hanging for the reason that a lot of the paintings Giuliani did for the Trump operation is detailed in a sprawling RICO indictment in Georgia launched Monday, through which Giuliani is a co-defendant along Trump and 17 other folks.

    The indictment main points journeys Giuliani made, telephone calls he positioned and conferences he attended, all in carrier of what prosecutors say used to be a legal conspiracy to overturn the election.

    Felony or no longer, what’s indeniable is that Giuliani and his workforce did a large number of felony and PR paintings for Trump. Over greater than two months, Giuliani served as the general public face of Trump’s election demanding situations, which in the end failed.

    Nevertheless, those demanding situations helped Trump and his allies elevate an extraordinary $250 million from small-dollar donors within the weeks following the November election, in keeping with the general congressional document through the Area make a choice committee at the Jan. 6, 2021, assault at the Capitol. The cash got here in line with numerous fundraising appeals that claimed it used to be had to fund Trump’s election demanding situations in courtroom.

    But as a substitute of paying the legal professionals who attempted unsuccessfully to overturn his loss, the cash went into Trump’s management PAC, Save The usa, in keeping with the make a choice committee.

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    In line with the general document through the Area make a choice committee, “After elevating $250 million bucks on false voter fraud claims, most commonly from small-dollar donors, President Trump didn’t spend it on preventing an election he knew he misplaced.” Trump’s complete political community, together with his joint fundraising committees, spent over $47 million mixed from the beginning of 2020 in the course of the finish of 2021 on felony charges, in keeping with a document through OpenSecrets.

    Lately, that cash raised through Trump’s political operation is as a substitute serving to Trump pay his personal felony expenses within the legal instances towards him. Trump’s Save The usa PAC spent over $20 million within the first part of the yr by myself on felony charges because the president confronted the primary two of his 4 indictments.

    The PAC started the second one part of the yr with best about $3 million in money readily available.

    Sidney Powell, an legal professional later disavowed through the Trump marketing campaign, participates in a information convention with President Donald Trump’s private legal professional Rudy Giuliani on the Republican Nationwide Committee headquarters in Washington, D.C., Nov. 19, 2020.

    Jonathan Ernst | Reuters

    Giuliani isn’t the one unindicted co-conspirator within the particular suggest’s election case who were given stiffed through the Trump operation.

    Federal Election Fee data and testimony from the Area Jan. 6 make a choice committee hearings disclose that not one of the private-sector legal professionals recognized — however no longer indicted — if so were given paid for his or her post-election paintings: No longer Sidney Powell, Kenneth Chesebro or John Eastman.

    Giuliani and Eastman sought after a mixture of reimbursements and bills, however data display they gained just about none of that cash. Powell needed to flip to her personal legislation company to pay her volunteers. All of the whilst, the Trump workforce raised loads of tens of millions of greenbacks off the false claims of election fraud that Powell and Giuliani promoted on TV and in courtroom.

    Chesebro, for his phase, informed the Area committee that the paintings he did for the Trump workforce used to be professional bono.

    On Monday, all 4 legal professionals entered a brand new segment of their felony courting with Trump, once they have been charged along him within the Georgia RICO case.

    Giuliani, Chesebro, Powell and Eastman have been a few of the greater than a dozen different co-defendants within the indictment introduced towards Trump in Georgia on fees of looking to illegally overturn the 2020 election ends up in the state and in other places.

    Giuliani sought after $20,000 an afternoon

    Matthew Morgan, an election legal professional for the Trump marketing campaign, recalled to the Area make a choice committee in 2022 that Giuliani asked $20,000 an afternoon from the Trump political operation to combat the election effects. Operating 5 days per week for 2 months, November and December 2020, this could have amounted to round $800,000 in felony charges.

    However Giuliani by no means were given it. In line with federal data, two firms connected to the previous New York Town mayor were given about $100,000 in journey charges and reimbursements from the Trump operation. Kerik’s corporate noticed about $85,000 for travel-related bills, in keeping with the data. However no longer a penny extra from workforce Trump for his or her products and services.

    Eastman sought after refunds and fee

    Longtime conservative legal professional John Eastman had an alleged function in looking to stall the certification of the 2020 election effects.

    Legal professional John Eastman speaks subsequent to President Donald Trump’s private legal professional Rudy Giuliani, as Trump supporters accumulate forward of the president’s speech to contest the certification through Congress of the result of the 2020 U.S. presidential election at the Ellipse in Washington, D.C., Jan. 6, 2021.

    Jim Bourg | Reuters

    Morgan informed the Area make a choice committee that after Eastman first formally got here on board in December, he did so on a voluntary foundation, however he asked that his bills be reimbursed through Trump’s workforce.

    Federal Election Fee data display that Eastman did not immediately obtain a unmarried repayment from Trump’s marketing campaign, in spite of that settlement.

    In a while after Jan. 6, 2021, Eastman asked fee “for products and services rendered,” in keeping with Morgan’s testimony to the make a choice committee. Despite the fact that Morgan didn’t recall how a lot Eastman requested for, he mentioned his figuring out used to be that “the products and services asked used to be for the totality of all of the paintings he’d carried out for the marketing campaign.”

    Morgan informed the committee that he despatched the request to some other Trump marketing campaign felony consultant, Justin Clark.

    FEC data display that no bills have been ever made through any of Trump’s committees to Eastman.

    Eastman’s legal professionals declined to remark.

    The truth that neither Giuliani nor Eastman were given paid additionally mirrored a deep rift that emerged after the election between best staffers on Trump’s formal marketing campaign and the small band of legal professionals pushing fringe theories of ways Trump may just overturn his loss.

    A bunch of Trump marketing campaign leaders and felony minds, on occasion known as “Crew Customary,” driven again towards the conspiracy theories being peddled through the outdoor legal professionals.

    In the long run, it used to be individuals of “Crew Customary” that had a say within the marketing campaign’s handbag strings.

    Clark later recounted an e-mail he gained on Christmas Eve 2020 from Giuliani pals, in the hunt for fee.

    “What I make of it’s that I believe those guys have been reporting immediately to Mr. Giuliani, and when it got here time to receives a commission, they have been taking a look to me to get cash, and I used to be by no means within the place to be ready to only write exams to other people ….we aren’t simply going to set cash on fireplace to do stuff,” Clark informed the Area committee.

    An legal professional for Clark declined to remark.

    Powell paid team of workers via her personal company

    Sidney Powell is the most likely 3rd unnamed co-conspirator in Smith’s federal indictment, in keeping with NBC Information. She’s additionally one of the most co-defendants within the Georgia case introduced towards Trump and his allies.

    Powell used to be one of the most main voices on Fox Information in a while after the election, peddling the false declare that vote casting system firms Smartmatic and Dominion Vote casting Methods have been each and every considering conspiracies to prevent Trump from changing into president.

    Each firms have denied the claims and brought Fox to courtroom. This yr, Fox settled the Dominion lawsuit, agreeing to pay the vote casting system corporate an extraordinary $787.5 million. The defamation swimsuit levied towards Fox through Smartmatic continues to be open.

    Powell later informed the Area make a choice committee that her company, Sidney Powell P.C., no longer the Trump marketing campaign, paid assistants who helped her pursue the ones claims in regards to the election.

    “When cash used to be donated, I sought after to verify they were given paid,” she mentioned in her interview with the Area panel. “That is all I take note about that phase. And I paid them.”

    FEC data point out that no bills from Trump and his allies ever went to Powell’s legislation company.

    However her nonprofit staff Protecting The Republic raised over $16 million because the November 2020 election, in keeping with the gang’s 990 tax bureaucracy. The crowd does no longer disclose its donors, alternatively, and it is unclear how a lot of that cash ended up in Powell’s private coffers.

    Powell didn’t reply to a request for remark.

  • Particular Recommend Got Trump’s Twitter DMs Sooner than Jan. 6 Indictment

    Federal prosecutors got lots of former President Donald Trump’s direct messages despatched on his Twitter account, in addition to drafts and deleted missives, in step with court docket papers unsealed Tuesday.

    It’s unclear what knowledge the direct messages would possibly include or who they have been exchanged with. However the revelation, first reported by means of CNN, provides new main points to court docket paperwork from remaining week that first confirmed Justice Division particular suggest Jack Smith’s group had got a seek warrant for Trump’s Twitter account in January.

    The court docket papers say that federal prosecutors sought “all content material, information and different knowledge” associated with Trump’s account protecting the duration from October 2020 to January 2021 — when his @realDonaldTrump deal with was once completely suspended — together with drafts and any messages that have been preferred or retweeted. The dates would surround the run-up to the 2020 election throughout the Jan. 6, 2021, assault at the U.S. Capitol.

    The paperwork stem from court docket hearings in February after Twitter attempted to withstand the quest warrant, claiming a connected nondisclosure order would violate the corporate’s First Modification rights.

    The U.S. District Courtroom for the District of Columbia later fined Twitter — now referred to as X — $350,000 after it not on time complying. The corporate later grew to become over the guidelines to Smith’s group.

    However the court docket filings display U.S. District Pass judgement on Beryl Howell excoriated Twitter in February, accusing the corporate of taking “atypical” steps to tell Trump in regards to the seek warrant. At one level, Howell requested the corporate’s legal professionals if proprietor Elon Musk sought after to “make Donald Trump really feel like he’s a specifically welcomed new renewed person of Twitter?”

    The previous president was once indicted Aug. 1 on 4 federal fees associated with more than one conspiracies surrounding the Jan. 6, 2021, revolt on the Capitol and his efforts to stay in administrative center after shedding the 2020 election to Joe Biden.

    Trump attacked Smith on Sunday amid studies of the quest warrant, calling the particular suggest a “lowlife prosecutor” and accusing the person of breaking into his account “with out informing me.”

    “What may just he perhaps to find out that’s not already recognized,” Trump requested on Fact Social, the social media account he established after being suspended from Twitter.

  • Particular Recommend Needs Trump Election Interference Trial To Get started Jan. 2

    Prosecutors have proposed a Jan. 2, 2024, get started date for Donald Trump’s election interference trial, consistent with court docket paperwork launched Thursday.

    That date, Justice Division particular suggest Jack Smith stated in a submitting, would give sufficient time for each events to check discovery and hash out any pretrial prison issues whilst nonetheless being expedient for the sake of the general public.

    “It’s tough to consider a public pastime more potent than the only on this case, by which the defendant—the previous President of the USA—is charged with 3 prison conspiracies supposed to undermine the government, hinder the certification of the 2020 presidential election, and disenfranchise electorate,” Smith stated.

    He additionally shot down claims from Trump’s prison crew that the Fast Trial Act is handiest supposed to offer protection to the rights of the defendant, announcing the coverage obviously states {that a} rapid trial may be within the vested pastime of the general public.

    Smith defined a scheduled of possible court docket dates main as much as the graduation of the trial, together with jury variety on Dec. 11. He estimated that the trial will final “now not than 4 to 6 weeks.”

    This proposed trial date for Trump, who’s working for the GOP’s presidential nomination, would probably overlap with the Iowa Republican caucus on Jan. 15 and the Nevada number one on Feb. 6. Contemporary polls display that Trump is the transparent front-runner for the nomination and leads his nearest rival, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R), via a staggering 37 proportion issues.

    Trump has 2024 trial dates scheduled in two different instances: March 25 for his fees relating to hush cash bills made to grownup movie big name Stormy Daniels, and Would possibly 20 for fees relating to his handing of categorised paperwork.

  • Harvard Legislation Professor Spots 1 Main Flaw In Case In opposition to Trump

    Harvard constitutional legislation professor Laurence Tribe known as the indictment in opposition to Donald Trump “good,” however stated there’s one issue that would render the entire thing moot: Timing.

    “I do suppose that [Attorney General] Merrick Garland didn’t continue as rapid as he would possibly have,” Tribe stated on MSNBC on Tuesday night.

    Because of this, the case in opposition to Trump over his movements main as much as the Jan. 6 assault at the U.S. Capitol may just drag on into the following presidency.

    “If the following presidency is held both by means of Donald Trump or by means of one in every of his acolytes or by means of just about any Republican, there may be the terrible prospect that this may increasingly all be wiped away,” he stated. “And that it is going to be relegated to a type of a historical footnote.”

    Tribe stated it’s a reminder of ways “inclined and fragile” the criminal machine is.

    “We now have a machine that would possibly cross too slowly, that may well be too opaque,” he stated. “And a machine that isn’t in any respect assured to overcome politics.”

    See his complete dialogue with MSNBC’s Lawrence O’Donnell beneath:

  • Trump’s Triple Danger


    Dangerous information is available in threes for former President Donald Trump – he’s now dealing with a triple risk of indictments.

  • DOJ Particular Recommend Probing Trump Serves Subpoena To Georgia Secretary Of State

    In a Jan. 2 telephone name, Trump had prompt that Raffensperger “to find” the votes had to give him a win in Georgia.

    The subpoena, which is dated Friday and was once won by means of Raffensperger’s place of job Monday, follows others served final week in different states and counties. Like the ones different places, Georgia was once a goal of Trump and his allies as they sought to overturn his loss within the 2020 election.

    The particular recommend is looking for “any and all communications in any shape” between June 1, 2020, and Jan. 20, 2021, “to, from or involving” Trump, his marketing campaign, attorneys and aides, together with former marketing campaign officers similar to Invoice Stepien and Justin Clark and attorneys John Eastman, Boris Epshteyn, L. Lin Wooden, Sidney Powell and previous New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, consistent with the subpoena, which was once got by means of The Related Press.

    Efforts by means of Trump and his friends to opposite his loss in Georgia are lately the topic of a separate investigation led by means of Fulton County District Lawyer Fani Willis in Atlanta. A unique grand jury seated to help that investigation has heard from dozens of witnesses, together with a lot of high-profile Trump allies, during the last six months and is predicted to wrap up its paintings quickly.

    Amongst different issues, Willis is investigating the Jan. 2, 2021, telephone name between Trump and Raffensperger.

    It was once now not straight away transparent whether or not any counties in Georgia had additionally won subpoenas from the particular recommend.

    Within the weeks following the 2020 election, Trump targeted partially on Fulton County, which contains many of the town of Atlanta, making unsupported allegations of election fraud. However the county had now not won a subpoena by means of Monday morning, a spokesperson mentioned.

  • Legal professional Normal Merrick Garland names Jack Smith particular suggest in Trump felony probes

    U.S. Legal professional Normal Merrick Garland on Friday named former federal prosecutor Jack Smith as particular suggest for 2 ongoing felony investigations via the Division of Justice of former President Donald Trump.

    Smith’s appointment got here 3 days after Trump, a Republican, introduced plans to run for president in 2024.

    Trump’s transfer without delay ended in Garland’s decison to nominate a unique suggest, who will suggest whether or not felony fees must be lodged towards the ex-president.

    The lawyer common himself was once appointed via Biden, a Democrat who defeated Trump in his 2020 re-election bid. Biden may just once more face Trump once more within the 2024 election, even though the president has now not but made a last choice on changing into a candidate.

    The primary investigation that Smith will start instantly dealing with is taking a look into whether or not any individual, together with Trump, unlawfully interfered with the switch of presidential energy following the 2020 election, or the certification of the Electoral Faculty vote in President Joe Biden’s desire on Jan. 6, 2021.

    That day, a mob of Trump supporters invaded the U.S. Capitol, disrupting the certification of the Electoral Faculty vote.

    The opposite DOJ probe that Smith will oversee is desirous about whether or not Trump broke the regulation and obstructed justice in connection along with his elimination of loads of paperwork from the White Space, which have been shipped to his place of abode at Mar-a-Lago membership in Palm Seaside, Florida.

    “Mr. Smith is the appropriate selection to finish those issues in an even-handed and pressing topic,” Garland mentioned.

    Prosecutor Jack Smith (R), appears on as he waits for the beginning of Salih Mustafa, former commander within the Kosovo Liberation Military (KLA), first trial on the Kosovo Specialist Chambers courtroom in The Hague, on September 15, 2021.

    Robin Van Lonkhuijsen | AFP | Getty Photographs

    Smith is probably not answerable for felony instances and probes of people who had been bodily provide on the Capitol all through the Jan. 6 revolt. The place of business of the U.S. Legal professional for the District of Columbia will proceed prosecuting the ones instances.

    Along with prior to now serving as a occupation DOJ prosecutor, Smith maximum lately was once serving as leader prosecutor for the particular courtroom within the Hague, within the Netherlands. In that submit, which he has resigned to take the particular suggest submit, he investigated conflict crimes in Kosovo.

    Smith additionally served with the World Prison Court docket, supervising conflict crimes probes, as leader within the DOJ’s public integrity phase, as a senior prosecutor at a U.S. Legal professional’s place of business in Tennessee, a prosecutor within the Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Legal professional’s place of business. He started his occupation as a prosecutor within the Big apple District Legal professional’s place of business.

    Garland published the appointment all through a public remark from the DOJ.

    “The Division of Justice has lengthy identified that during positive strange instances it’s within the public passion to nominate a unique prosecutor to independently set up an investigation and prosecution,” Garland mentioned.

    “In keeping with fresh tendencies, together with the previous president’s announcement that he’s a candidate for president within the subsequent election and the sitting president’s mentioned aim to be a candidate as neatly, I’ve concluded that it’s within the public passion to nominate a unique suggest,” Garland mentioned.    

    The lawyer common mentioned that he was once “assured” that the appointment “is not going to gradual the of completion of those investigations.”

    “I will be able to make certain that the Particular Recommend receives the sources to behavior this paintings briefly and fully,” Garland mentioned.

    U.S. Legal professional Normal Merrick Garland proclaims his appointment of Jack Smith as a unique suggest for the investigations into the movements of former President Donald Trump, within the briefing room of the U.S. Justice Division in Washington, November 18, 2022.

    Evelyn Hockstein | Reuters

    A marketing campaign spokesman for Trump, in a remark, mentioned, “It is a utterly anticipated political stunt via a feckless, politicized, weaponized Biden Division of Justice.”

    Trump himself later instructed FoxNews.com, I’ve been going thru this for six years — for 6 years I’ve been going thru this, and It’s not that i am going to move thru it anymore.

    “And I’m hoping the Republicans have the braveness to battle this.”

    “I’ve been confirmed blameless for 6 years on the whole lot — from faux impeachments to Mueller who discovered no collusion, and now I’ve to do it extra?” Trump mentioned. “It isn’t applicable. It’s so unfair. It’s so political.”

    Smith in his personal remark mentioned, “I intend to behavior the assigned investigations, and any prosecutions that can consequence from them, independently and in the most efficient traditions of the Division of Justice.”

    “The tempo of the investigations is not going to pause or flag beneath my watch,” Smith mentioned. “I will be able to workout impartial judgement and can transfer the investigations ahead expeditiously and carefully to no matter result the info and the regulation dictate.”

    Former U.S. President Donald Trump claps as he proclaims that he’ll as soon as once more run for U.S. president within the 2024 U.S. presidential election all through an match at his Mar-a-Lago property in Palm Seaside, Florida, November 15, 2022.

    Jonathan Ernst | Reuters

    A White Space reputable instructed NBC Information on Friday, “DOJ makes choices about its felony investigations independently, and we don’t seem to be concerned, so I’d refer you to DOJ for any questions in this.” 

    Barbara McQuade, an NBC Information criminal analyst and previous federal prosecutor, in a Time mag article on Thursday argued towards the speculation of a unique suggest being appointed within the Trump probes, pronouncing it would doubtlessly extend prosecution goodbye that he would keep away from being held in control of attainable crimes.

    “Sensible attention additionally militate towards appointing a unique suggest: time,” McQuade wrote.

    “Appointing a brand new legal professional to take over the investigation will create extend. A brand new legal professional would wish to rent his personal group of workers, all of whom would wish time to rise up to hurry,” she wrote.

    “If Trump is looking for to regain the Oval Administrative center, then DOJ should entire now not most effective the investigations, however the trials prior to Jan. 20, 2025. That is when a newly sworn in President Trump may just take without equal act of partisanship in prosecution — and pardon himself.”