The annual celebration of Hindi Diwas on September 14th prompts reflection on the landscape of Hindi cinema. While ‘Bollywood’ is often used interchangeably, it’s essential to examine the broader linguistic and cultural influences that shape this industry.
Bollywood, a portmanteau of ‘Bombay’ and ‘Hollywood’, is widely recognized as Hindi cinema, but its identity extends far beyond just the Hindi language. The industry’s evolution is a testament to the contributions of various languages and cultures.
Hindi films have consistently entertained audiences and achieved significant box office success. However, the adaptation of stories often necessitates incorporating different languages and cultural elements. Let’s explore the key influences:
Bollywood is Hindi cinema, but how?
The song “Ze-Haal-e-Miskin Makun B-Ranjish, B-Haal-e-Hijraan Bechaara Dil Hai” from the 1985 film ‘Ghulam’ exemplifies the rich blend of languages. The lyrics, inspired by Amir Khusro’s work, showcase the significant role of Urdu in Hindi cinema. During the 1940s and 50s, Urdu was the dominant literary and cultural language, with many film songs written in Urdu. Poets and lyricists like Sahir Ludhianvi and Kaifi Azmi popularized Urdu poetry in Hindi cinema.
Punjabi: The influence of Punjabi culture and language is undeniable, extending beyond popular songs. Films often incorporate Punjabi elements into their narratives and music, as seen in films like ‘Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge’.
Bengali: The style and depth of Bollywood storytelling draws inspiration from Bengali cinema and literature. Filmmakers like Satyajit Ray have influenced Indian cinema on a global scale, with Bengali songs often serving as inspiration.
Marathi: As Mumbai is the heart of Bollywood, Marathi language and culture have a significant presence. Marathi actors, writers, and filmmakers contribute, and many Marathi films are remade in Hindi, such as ‘Dhadak’.
English: The influence of English is increasing, with the rise of Hinglish (Hindi and English) songs in films like ‘Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara’ and ‘Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani’. Additionally, Hollywood storytelling techniques have impacted Bollywood.
South Indian Cinema: Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada cinema have a considerable impact on Bollywood. Many South Indian films are remade or dubbed into Hindi, including films like ‘Drishyam,’ ‘Baahubali,’ and ‘Kabali.’ Additionally, folk languages such as Bhojpuri, Rajasthani, and Avadhi are heard in songs, and their stories are adapted for the screen.
The presence of multiple languages, cultures, and dialects enriches Bollywood films. This diversity, from the dance to the music, contributes to the overall appeal. Whether Bollywood or Hindi cinema, the industry thrives on the incorporation of diverse languages and cultural influences.
Reflections on Change
Journalist Chaitanya Padukone notes that Bollywood’s language is not solely Hindi, but Hindustani, a blend of Hindi and Urdu. Urdu words like ‘Ishq,’ ‘Mohabbat,’ ‘Junoon,’ ‘Fitoor,’ and ‘Zubaan’ add depth to the stories and enhance romantic scenes. He also highlights the presence of Punjabi, as seen in popular songs and dialogues. This linguistic and cultural diversity is central to the identity of Bollywood.